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CSNET

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<td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;">Internet history timeline

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Early research and development:

<ul><li>1960–1962: <a href="J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a> networking ideas</li>

<li>1960–1964: <a href="RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</li>

<li>1962–1964: <a href="DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</li>

<li>1965 (1965): <a href="NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</li>

<li>1966 (1966): <a href="Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</li>

<li>1967 (1967): <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</li>

<li>1967 (1967): <a href="Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></li>

<li>1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</li>

<li>1970 (1970): <a href="InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</li>

<li>1971 (1971): <a href="Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</li>

<li>1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</li>

<li>1972 (1972): <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</li>

<li>1973 (1973): <a href="CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</li>

<li>1973 (1973): <a href="PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</li>

<li>1974 (1974): <a href="Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</li>

<li>1975 (1975): <a href="Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</li>

<li>1976 (1976): <a href="X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></li>

<li>1978 (1978): <a href="Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</li>

<li>1979 (1979): <a href="Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</li>

<li>1980 (1980): <a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li>

<li>1980 (1980): <a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</li>

<li>1981 (1981): <a href="BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</li></ul>

Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

<ul><li>1981 (1981): (CSNET)</li>

<li>1982 (1982): <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</li>

<li>1982 (1982): <a href="Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</li>

<li>1983 (1983): <a href="Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</li>

<li>1983 (1983): <a href="MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</li>

<li>1984 (1984): <a href="OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</li>

<li>1985 (1985): <a href="Domain_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></li>

<li>1986 (1986): <a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</li>

<li>1986 (1986): <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</li>

<li>1987 (1987): <a href="UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</li>

<li>1988 (1988): <a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</li>

<li>1988 (1988): <a href="Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></li>

<li>1988 (1988): Complete <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></li>

<li>1989 (1989): <a href="Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</li>

<li>1989 (1989): <a href="PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</li>

<li>1989 (1989): <a href="Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></li>

<li>1990 (1990): <a href="Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</li>

<li>1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned</li>

<li>1990 (1990): <a href="Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</li>

<li>1991 (1991): <a href="Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</li>

<li>1991 (1991): <a href="Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li>

<li>1991 (1991): <a href="Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</li>

<li>1991 (1991): <a href="Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</li>

<li>1991 (1991): <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</li>

<li>1992 (1992): <a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</li>

<li>1992 (1992): <a href="Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</li>

<li>1993 (1993): <a href="Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</li>

<li>1993 (1993): <a href="InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</li>

<li>1993 (1993): <a href="AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</li>

<li>1993 (1993): <a href="NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</li>

<li>1994 (1994): <a href="Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></li>

<li>1994 (1994): <a href="North_American_Network_Operators'_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</li></ul>

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

<ul><li>1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></li>

<li>1996 (1996): <a href="AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</li>

<li>1998 (1998): <a href="ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</li>

<li>2000 (2000): <a href="Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</li>

<li>2001 (2001): <a href="Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></li>

<li>2001 (2001): <a href="Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</li>

<li>2003 (2003): <a href="World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>2003 (2003): <a href="National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</li>

<li>2004 (2004): <a href="Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></li>

<li>2005 (2005): <a href="World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></li>

<li>2006 (2006): <a href="Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></li>

<li>2010 (2010): <a href="Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</li>

<li>2012 (2012): <a href="Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></li>

<li>2013 (2013): <a href="Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></li>

<li>2014 (2014): <a href="NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></li>

<li>2016 (2016): <a href="ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</li></ul>

Examples of Internet services:

<ul><li>1989 (1989): <a href="AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</li>

<li>1996 (1996): <a href="Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</li>

<li>1996 (1996): <a href="Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</li>

<li>1997 (1997): <a href="Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li>

<li>1997 (1997): <a href="Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</li>

<li>1998 (1998): <a href="Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></li>

<li>1998 (1998): <a href="PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</li>

<li>1998 (1998): <a href="Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li>

<li>2000 (2000): <a href="Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</li>

<li>2003 (2003): <a href="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</li>

<li>2003 (2003): <a href="Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</li>

<li>2003 (2003): <a href="The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</li>

<li>2004 (2004): <a href="Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</li>

<li>2004 (2004): <a href="Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</li>

<li>2004 (2004): <a href="Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</li>

<li>2005 (2005): <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</li>

<li>2005 (2005): <a href="Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</li>

<li>2005 (2005): <a href="Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</li>

<li>2006 (2006): <a href="Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</li>

<li>2007 (2007): <a href="WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</li>

<li>2007 (2007): <a href="Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></li>

<li>2007 (2007): <a href="Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</li>

<li>2008 (2008): <a href="Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</li>

<li>2008 (2008): <a href="Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</li>

<li>2008 (2008): <a href="Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</li>

<li>2008 (2008): <a href="Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</li>

<li>2009 (2009): <a href="Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</li>

<li>2009 (2009): <a href="Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</li>

<li>2009 (2009): <a href="Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></li>

<li>2009 (2009): <a href="Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></li>

<li>2010 (2010): <a href="Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li>

<li>2011 (2011): <a href="Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li>

<li>2011 (2011): <a href="Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></li>

<li>2012 (2012): <a href="Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</li>

<li>2016 (2016): <a href="TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li></ul>

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The Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a computer network that began operation in 1981 in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-1">[1]</a> Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. CSNET was funded by the <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> for an initial three-year period from 1981 to 1984.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

By 1986 about 150 computers connected to <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, and about 2000 computers to the larger Arpa <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Membership of ARPANET was restricted to universities and companies with <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> contracts. Other commercial, educational, and nonprofit organizations, ineligible for membership, wanted to interchange information with them.<a href="#cite_note-fisher19880425-2">[2]</a>

<a href="Lawrence_Landweber" title="Lawrence Landweber">Lawrence Landweber</a> at the <a href="University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> prepared the original CSNET proposal, on behalf of a consortium of universities (<a href="Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a>, <a href="University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>, <a href="University_of_New_Mexico" title="University of New Mexico">University of New Mexico</a>, <a href="University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a>, <a href="Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>, <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, <a href="University_of_Utah" title="University of Utah">University of Utah</a>, <a href="University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, <a href="University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, <a href="University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>). The US <a href="National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> (NSF) requested a review from <a href="David_J._Farber" title="David J. Farber">David J. Farber</a> at the <a href="University_of_Delaware" title="University of Delaware">University of Delaware</a>. Farber assigned the task to his graduate student Dave Crocker who was already active in the development of <a href="Email" title="Email">electronic mail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The project was deemed interesting but in need of significant refinement. The proposal eventually gained the support of <a href="Vinton_Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a> and <a href="DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>. In 1980, the NSF awarded $5 million to launch the network. It was an unusually large project for the NSF at the time.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

A stipulation for the award of the contract was that the network needed to become self-sufficient by 1986.<a href="#cite_note-nsf-1">[1]</a>

The first management team consisted of Landweber (University of Wisconsin), Farber (University of Delaware), <a href="Peter_J._Denning" title="Peter J. Denning">Peter J. Denning</a> (<a href="Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>), <a href="Anthony_C._Hearn" title="Anthony C. Hearn">Anthony C. Hearn</a> (<a href="RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>), and Bill Kern from the NSF.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Once CSNET was fully operational, the systems and ongoing network operations were transferred to a team led by Richard Edmiston<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> at <a href="BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt Beranek and Newman</a> (BBN) of <a href="Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> by 1984.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

The Purdue team, consisting of Peter Denning, Douglas Comer, and Paul McNabb, was responsible for designing and building the kernel interfaces that would allow sites outside of the ARPANET infrastructure to connect via public <a href="X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> networks, such as <a href="Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a>. The mechanism allowed systems with TCP/IP network stacks to use an X.25 network device, with IP datagrams being sent through dynamically allocated X.25 sessions. Purdue and other sites with ARPANET access would act as gateways into the ARPANET, allowing non-ARPANet sites to have email, telnet, ftp, and other forms of network access directly into the ARPANET.

By 1981, three sites were connected: University of Delaware, <a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, and Purdue University. By 1982, 24 sites were connected expanding to 84 sites by 1984, including one in Israel. Soon thereafter, connections were established to computer science departments in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Korea, and Japan. CSNET eventually connected more than 180 institutions,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> 60% universities, although as of 1988 most members only had email connections. Sites exchanged data via either X.25 or Phonenet, a <a href="Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">store and forward</a> protocol.<a href="#cite_note-fisher19880425-2">[2]</a>

One of the earliest experiments in free software distribution on a network, <a href="Netlib" title="Netlib">netlib</a>, was available on CSNET.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

CSNET was a forerunner of the <a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">National Science Foundation Network</a> (NSFNet) which eventually became a backbone of the Internet. CSNET operated autonomously until 1989, when it merged with <a href="BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> to form the <a href="Corporation_for_Research_and_Educational_Networking" title="Corporation for Research and Educational Networking">Corporation for Research and Educational Networking</a> (CREN). By 1991, the success of the NSFNET and NSF-sponsored regional networks had rendered the CSNET services redundant, and the CSNET network was shut down in October 1991.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2></div>

The CSNET project had three primary components: an email relaying service (Delaware and RAND), a name service (Wisconsin), and <a href="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>-over-<a href="X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> tunnelling technology (Purdue). Initial access was with email relaying, through gateways at Delaware and RAND, over dial-up telephone or X.29/X.25 terminal emulation. Eventually CSNET access added TCP/IP, including running over X.25.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

The email relaying service was called Phonenet, after the telephone-specific channel of the <a href="MMDF" title="MMDF">MMDF</a> software developed by Crocker. The CSNET <a href="Name_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Name service">name service</a> allowed manual and automated email address lookup based on various user attributes, such as name, title, or institution.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The X.25 tunneling allowed an institution to connect directly to the ARPANET via a commercial X.25 service (<a href="Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a>), by which the institution's TCP/IP traffic would be tunneled to a CSNET computer that acted as a relay between the ARPANET and the commercial X.25 networks. CSNET also developed dialup-on-demand (Dialup IP) software to automatically initiate or disconnect <a href="Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">SLIP</a> sessions as needed to remote locations.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> CSNET was developed on <a href="Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) <a href="VAX-11" title="VAX-11">VAX-11</a> systems using BSD Unix, but it grew to support a variety of hardware and <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> platforms.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2></div>

At the July 2009 <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> meeting in <a href="Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, the <a href="Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> recognized the pioneering contribution of CSNET by honoring it with the <a href="Jonathan_B._Postel_Service_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan B. Postel Service Award">Jonathan B. Postel Service Award</a>. Crocker accepted the award on behalf of Landweber and the other <a href="Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">principal investigators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isoc-14">[14]</a> A recording of the award presentation and acceptance is available.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007113705/https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/modest.htm">"The Internet—From Modest Beginnings"</a>. NSF website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/modest.htm">the original</a> on 2016-10-07. Retrieved September 30, 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-fisher19880425-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fisher19880425_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fisher19880425_2-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFFisher1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Fisher, Sharon (1988-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA57">"The Largest Computer Network"</a>. InfoWorld. pp. S7 – S10. Retrieved 2025-04-17.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDave_Crocker2008" class="citation web cs1">Dave Crocker (August 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510112529/http://bbiw.net/articles/rand-email.pdf">"Impact of Email Work at The Rand Corporation in the mid-1970s"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbiw.net/articles/rand-email.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 10, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Comer1983" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Douglas_Comer" title="Douglas Comer">Douglas Comer</a> (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F358413.358423">"History and overview of CSNET"</a>. Communications. 26 (10): 747–753. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F358413.358423">10.1145/358413.358423</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11943330">11943330</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._DenningAnthony_HearnC._William_Kern1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Peter_J._Denning" title="Peter J. Denning">Peter J. Denning</a>; Anthony Hearn; C. William Kern (April 1983). "History and overview of CSNET". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026035120/http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/documents/Comm83.pdf">Proceedings of the symposium on Communications Architectures & Protocols - COMM '83</a> (PDF). Vol. 13. <a href="SIGCOMM" title="SIGCOMM">SIGCOMM</a>, <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>. p. 138. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1035237.1035267">10.1145/1035237.1035267</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-89791-089-7</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28021088">28021088</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isoc.org/internet/history/documents/Comm83.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-10-26. Retrieved 2011-09-30.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPartridgeBlumenthal2006" class="citation journal cs1">Partridge, Craig; Blumenthal (March 2006). "Data Networking at BBN". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 28 (1): 63. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2006.7">10.1109/MAHC.2006.7</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16881178">16881178</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRick_Adrion1983" class="citation web cs1">Rick Adrion (October 5, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/museum/csnet-transition-bulletin.n1.1">"CSNET Transition Plan Bulletin #1"</a>. email message. National Science Foundation. Retrieved September 30, 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_csnet.htm">CSNET History</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJack_J._DongarraEric_Grosse1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Jack_J._Dongarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack J. Dongarra">Jack J. Dongarra</a>; Eric Grosse (May 1987). "Distribution of mathematical software via electronic mail". Communications. 30 (5): 403–407. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.73.7679">10.1.1.73.7679</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F22899.22904">10.1145/22899.22904</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52895937">52895937</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://athos.rutgers.edu/resource-guide/chapter6/section6-6.txt">CSNET-CIC Shutdown Notice</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCraig_PartridgeLeo_Lanzillo1989" class="citation journal cs1">Craig Partridge; Leo Lanzillo (Feb 1989). "Implementation of Dial-up IP for UNIX Systems". Proceedings of the 1989 Winter USENIX Technical Conference.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLarry_LandweberMichael_LitzkowD._NeuhengenMarvin_Solomon1983" class="citation book cs1">Larry Landweber; Michael Litzkow; D. Neuhengen; Marvin Solomon (April 1983). "Architecture of the CSNET name server". Proceedings of the symposium on Communications Architectures & Protocols - COMM '83. Vol. 13. <a href="SIGCOMM" title="SIGCOMM">SIGCOMM</a>, <a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>. p. 146. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1035237.1035268">10.1145/1035237.1035268</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-89791-089-7</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9006661">9006661</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://megalextoria.com/usenet-archive/news133f1/b197/comp/dcom/modems/00007952.html">"Dialup IP release"</a>. BBN Systems and Technologies, Cambridge MA. Retrieved 17 October 2014.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-isoc-14"><a href="#cite_ref-isoc_14-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isoc.org/wp/newsletter/?p=1098">"Trailblazing CSNET Network Receives 2009 Jonathan B. Postel Service Award"</a>. News release. Internet Society. July 29, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLynn_St._Amour,_Dave_Crocker2009" class="citation web cs1">Lynn St. Amour, Dave Crocker (July 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbiw.net/misc/IETF75-ISOC-Postel-CSNet.mp3">"Postel Award to CSNET"</a>. Audio recording. Retrieved September 30, 2011.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://livinginternet.com/i/ii_csnet.htm">Living Internet: CSNet </a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.media.org/eti/RoundThree08.html">Exploring the Internet: Round Three, Madison</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">National Science Foundation Network</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Research_and_education_computer_networks_in_the_Americas183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education computer networks in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="National_research_and_education_network" title="National research and education network">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Brazil: <a href="Rede_Nacional_de_Ensino_e_Pesquisa" title="Rede Nacional de Ensino e Pesquisa">RNP</a></li>

<li>Canada: <a href="CANARIE" title="CANARIE">CANARIE</a></li>

<li>Mexico: <a href="CUDI" title="CUDI">CUDI</a></li>

<li>Latin America: <a href="RedCLARA" title="RedCLARA">RedCLARA</a></li>

<li>USA: <a href="Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_Sciences_Network" title="Energy Sciences Network">ESnet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>ACORN-NL (<a href="Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a>)</li>

<li><a href="ACORN-NS" title="ACORN-NS">ACORN-NS</a> (<a href="Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Cybera" title="Cybera">Cybera</a> (<a href="Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a>)</li>

<li>BCNET (<a href="British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a>)</li>

<li>MRNet (<a href="Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a>)</li>

<li><a href="ORION_(research_and_education_network)" title="ORION (research and education network)">ORION</a> (<a href="Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Saskatchewan_Research_Network" title="Saskatchewan Research Network">SRNet</a> (<a href="Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Corporation_for_Education_Network_Initiatives_in_California" title="Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California">CalREN</a> (<a href="California" title="California">CA</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> (<a href="Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a>)</li>

<li><a href="NYSERNet" title="NYSERNet">NYSERNet</a> (<a href="New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>)</li>

<li><a href="OARnet" title="OARnet">OARnet</a> (<a href="Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>)</li>

<li><a href="OSHEAN" title="OSHEAN">OSHEAN</a> (<a href="Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a>)</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene</a></li>

<li><a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li>

<li><a href="Gigabit_Chicago" title="Gigabit Chicago">Gigabit Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="Gigabit_Seattle" title="Gigabit Seattle">Gigabit Seattle</a></li>

<li><a href="HEPnet" title="HEPnet">HEPnet</a></li>

<li><a href="NEARnet" title="NEARnet">NEARnet</a></li>

<li><a href="NIPRNet" title="NIPRNet">NIPRNet</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a></li>

<li><a href="PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a></li>

<li><a href="SATNET" title="SATNET">SATNET</a></li>

<li><a href="SURAnet" title="SURAnet">SURAnet</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<dd><a href="National_research_and_education_network" title="National research and education network">National research and education network</a></dd></dl>

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